Governor Grant Sawyer (1959–1967) revolutionized Nevada gaming by transitioning it from a loose tax-based system to a rigorous law enforcement model to preempt federal intervention. His "Hang Tough" philosophy defined modern gaming regulation.

The Gaming Control Act of 1959

His Gaming Control Act of 1959 established the modern two-tiered regulatory structure: the Gaming Control Board (GCB) for investigation/enforcement and the Nevada Gaming Commission (NGC) for licensing/adjudication. This separation of powers became the model for gaming regulation worldwide.

The Black Book

Sawyer introduced the "Black Book" (List of Excluded Persons) to legally bar organized crime figures from casinos. It was a powerful tool—being in the Black Book meant being banned from every gaming establishment in the state.

The Sinatra Precedent

His enforcement doctrine, known as "Hang Tough," was solidified during the 1963 Cal-Neva incident, where the state forced Frank Sinatra to surrender his gaming license for hosting mobster Sam Giancana. No one was too famous to face consequences.

Legacy

Sawyer's strict regulation legitimized the industry, paving the way for corporate ownership. He proved that Nevada could police itself—and in doing so, prevented federal intervention that might have destroyed the gaming industry entirely.